Biliary Tract Diseases occurs when bile ducts in liver are slowly demolished, When bile duct are choked or destroyed, symptoms like yellowing of the skin (jaundice) or eyes (icterus)  due to  formation of waste product called bilirubin, Itching (not limited to one particular area; may be worse at night or in warm weather),Light brown urine, Fatigue, Weight loss ,fever or night sweats. 

The Disarray of lower gastrointestinal tract can be throbbing, abashing and even life-threatening. The root cause can be immensely hard to spot. The evidence of colon and rectal disease is nearly identical to other diseases, There is a prospective for misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Also study shows that patient treated by colon and rectal surgeons are likely to have colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer annually hits about 140,000 people and causes 60,000 deaths, but is potentially curable if detected in its early stages. More than 90 percent of patients are over 40, at which point the risk of contracting the disease doubles every ten years. 

Functional GI  and motility disorders generally  cannot  not be  diagonised in a traditional way. Since there is no provocative, contagious or structural malformation. The term "functional" is commonly  applied to disorders where the body's normal bustle in terms of the movement of the intestines, the responsiveness of the nerves of the intestines, or the way in which the brain steer some of these functions is weakened.

Around 25 million Americans have a functional GI disorder. FGIDs account for 40% of a gastroenterologist's practice. 50- 80% of persons with a functional GI disorder do not confer physicians, although they may take over-the-counter medications and report significantly higher rates of job or school absenteeism and disability

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents an association of intestinal disorders that engender prolonged inflammation of the digestive tract. These are of two types: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis causes long-lasting inflammation and sores (ulcers) in the innermost lining of  large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Crohn's disease is characterized by inflammation of the lining of digestive tract, which often spreads deep into affected tissues. Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease usually involve severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss.

The liver accomplishes many complex functions in the body. Liver failure can happen suddenly (acute liver failure) as a result of viral hepatitis, drug-induced injury or infection. Liver failure can also be the end result of a long-term problem. It is also considered as a   gland because among of its many functions, it makes and secretes bile. Alcohol abuse is the most common cause of liver disease in North America. Alcohol is directly toxic to liver cells and can cause liver inflammation, referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. In chronic alcohol abuse, fat accumulation occurs in liver cells affecting their ability to function. Cirrhosis is a final -stage of liver disease.

Liver transplantation is surgically renewal of a diseased liver with one that is normal and healthy. At this time, transplantation is the only cure for liver insufficiency or liver failure because no device or machine reliably executes all of the functions of the liver. People who require liver transplants typically have either acute or chronic liver failure.

Urged on by ever-evolving evaluation in analytical methodology, the microbiome, and the gut microbiome in specific, has become the hot topic in biomedical research. Inventing  experiments in animal models have divulge, the extent to which the gut microbiota sustains health and how its disruption might contribute to disease pathogenesis.

Myriad of  liver disorders such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis have been related with an altered microbiome. This dysbiosis may affect the degree of hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis through multiple interactions with the host's immune system and other cell types. Whereas few results from clinical metagenomic studies in liver disease are accessible, evidence is assembling that in liver cirrhosis an oral microbiome is over represented in the lower intestinal tract, potentially contributing to disease process and severity. A major role for the gut microbiota in liver disorders is also supported by the accumulating evidence that several complications of severe liver disease such as hepatic encephalopathy are efficiently treated by various prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics. A better comprehension of the gut microbiota and its components in liver diseases might furnish a more complete picture of these complex disorders and also form the basis for novel therapies.

Obesity is a state  in which abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue impairs health and which may lead to Diabetes. In most cases, it is the outcome  of energy intake exceeding energy outlay  over a period of years. It is defined in adults as a body mass index (BMI) above 30. Within the UK the data from the Health Survey for England 2006 revealed  that 24% of adults (both men and women) were obese and an auxiliary 44% of men and 34% of women were overweight. Around 16% of childr en aged 2 to 15 years were obese and an additional 14% were overweight. For those aged 2 to 10 years, 16.3% boys and 14.4% girls were obese. For those aged 11-15 years, 17.6% of boys and 19.0% of girls were obese.

The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largely determined by the availability, the processing and palatability of foods. A healthy diet includes preparation of food and storage methods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat or leaching, and that reduce risk of foodborne illness.

A poor diet can cause deficiency diseases such as blindness, anemia, scurvy, preterm birth, stillbirth and cretinism; health-threatening conditions like obesity and metabolic syndrome and such common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis.  A poor diet can cause the wasting of kwashiorkor in acute cases, and the stunting of marasmus in chronic cases of malnutrition. Bariatric surgery act as an effective tool that provides long term weight-loss and  which also help you to increase quality of health.

The appraisal of pancreatic diseases can be strenuous due to the inaccessibility of the pancreas. Inceptive tests of the pancreas include a physical examination, which is difficult since the pancreas is deep in the abdomen near the spine. Blood tests are often beneficial, in determining whether the pancreas is intricated  in a specific symptom but may be misleading. The best radiographic tests to evaluate the structure of the pancreas include CAT (computed tomography) scan, endoscopic ultrasound, and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Tests to evaluate the pancreatic ducts include ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) and MRCP(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography). There are also instances in which surgical exploration is the only way to confirm the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.

The Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology is perpetrated to provide the highest quality medical care and  state-of-the-art techniques in the evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal, liver and nutritional disorders. Pediatric  Gastroenterology constitutes  one of the broadest pediatric subspecialities. Realm  of interest include luminal conditions, hepatology, pancreatic diseases, and nutritional disorders, along with interactions between these (such as luminal disorders disrupting nutrition). Furthermore, pediatric gastroenterology services regularly intersect with almost all other subspecialities. Pediatric gastroenterology faces many different challenges. These include the type and character of the conditions cared for, the changing patterns of conditions over time, new developments and technologies, and expanding knowledge.

Impeded gastric emptying (gastroparesis) is the symptoms of delayed gastric emptying  incorporate nausea and vomiting. Poor emptying of the stomach can occur for several reasons

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disorder with regular episodes of acute nausea and vomiting interspersed with symptom free periods. CVS occurs in all ages. Patients may scuffle for many years before a precise diagnosis is made. Rapid gastric emptying (dumping syndrome) and Functional dyspepsia are some of the other stomach disorder.

Bowel obstruction occurs when the normal flow of intraluminal contents is interrupted. Obstruction can be functional (due to abnormal intestinal physiology) or due to a mechanical obstruction, which can be acute or chronic . Advanced small bowel obstruction leads to bowel dilation and retention of fluid within the lumen proximal to the obstruction, while distal to the obstruction, as luminal contents pass, the bowel decompresses

Gastric cancer is an belligerent disease that continues to have a formidable  impact on global health. Despite an overall decline in incidence over the last several decades, gastric cancer remains the fourth most common type of cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide accounting for 10% of global cancer mortalities. Despite the progress made in recent years, the prognosis for patients with advanced-stage GC remains poor. The last several decades have demonstrated a gradual decline in the rates of gastric cancer in most populations and across subtypes. However, whereas most gastric tumors are declining in incidence, tumors of the gastric cardia and gastroesophageal junction are becoming more frequent and there is a trend of rising incidence of noncardia gastric cancer among Americans between 25 and 39 years of age and in the same age group in other western countries. The incidence rate in men is double that of women and incidence increases with age. 

In contemporary years, there have  been prodigious improvement in the gastrointestinal and hepatology space. These include alteration in colorectal cancer screening, capsule endoscopy, cures for hepatitis C and new biologic therapies, among many others.

While  these developments have been exciting and moved the field forward. Today's healthcare delivery model centers are  around the 15 to 30 minute clinic visit, yet patients spend 99.9 percent of their lives outside of the clinic either at home, at work or at play. New digital choledochoscopes have vastly improved diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities within the bile and pancreatic duct. Confocal endomicroscopy now allows us to perform microscopic evaluation of living tissues, improving targeted biopsies in Barrett's esophagus and aiding in the evaluation of bile duct strictures and pancreatic cysts. Similarly, technological advances in endoscopic ultrasound, optical coherence tomography and spectroscopy hold great promise for improving diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for gastrointestinal disease.